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RevisionÂļ

Vector Space and Vector FieldÂļ

Vector Space and Vector Field

āϜ⧁āϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋ:Âļ

  1. āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ (The Ingredients): āϜ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϜ⧁āϏ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ (Set of Vectors, \(V\)) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž (Set of Scalars, \(F\))āĨ¤
  2. āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāύ⧋ (Mixing = Addition): āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻž āϜ⧁āϏ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāϞ⧇ āϜ⧁āϏāχ āĻšā§Ÿ \(\rightarrow\) āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻž āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāχ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  3. āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋/āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋ (Scaling = Multiplication): āϜ⧁āϏāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽ-āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϜ⧁āϏāχ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ \(\rightarrow\) āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāχ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāĻŦ⧇ (The Mental Translation):Âļ

āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āϚāĻžāχāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻāχ ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ āϞāĻžāχāύ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŦ⧇:

  • āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦ⧇: āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏ⧇āϟ \(V\), āϝāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāĨ¤
  • āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: A Vector Space is a set of elements (called vectors), denoted by \(V\), along with a set of numbers (called scalars), denoted by \(F\).
  • āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦ⧇: āĻāχ āϏ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦā§‡â€”āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āĻŖāĨ¤
  • āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: That satisfies two main operations: Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication.
  • āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦ⧇: āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϟāĻž āĻ“āχ āϏ⧇āϟ \(V\)-āĻāϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āχ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ (āϜ⧁āϏ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧇ āϜ⧁āϏāχ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)āĨ¤
  • āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇:
  • For any two vectors \(u, v \in V\), their sum \(u + v\) must also be in \(V\) (Closure under addition).
  • For any scalar \(c \in F\) and vector \(u \in V\), their product \(c \cdot u\) must also be in \(V\) (Closure under scalar multiplication).

āĻļāĻ°ā§āϟāĻ•āĻžāϟ āϚāĻŋāϰāϕ⧁āϟ (āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ ā§§ āϏ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŦ⧇):Âļ

Vector Space (\(V\)) = A set where (Vector + Vector = Vector) AND (Scalar \(\times\) Vector = Vector).

āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϜ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻāχ "āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž" (Closure Property) āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāϟāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āφāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇, āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏ⧇āϟ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“āχ āϏ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āχ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϟāĻ•āĻžāϟ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇? āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇?

Vector Field-āϕ⧇ āϜ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻšāϜ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋: "The GPS Map" (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ)āĨ¤

āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ, āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤Âļ

đŸ—ēī¸ āϜ⧁āϏ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•:Âļ

āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧋, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦ⧜ āϜ⧁āϏ āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟāϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĨ¤ āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟāϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‡āĻā§‡āϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤

  • āĻĒāĻžāχāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϜ⧁āϏ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇, āĻ•āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻĄā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽā§‡āĻā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧀āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (Arrow) āĻāρāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āϤ⧀āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ (āϧ⧀āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ)āĨ¤
  • āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āϤ⧀āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϘ⧁āϰāϛ⧇ (āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ˜ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāύ)āĨ¤

āĻāχ āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŽā§‡āĻā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧀āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ) āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āφāϛ⧇, āĻāχ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽāϟāĻžāχ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž Vector FieldāĨ¤Âļ

📝 āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ Definition āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŦ⧇:Âļ

  • āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦ⧇: āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž (Space/Domain), āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: A Vector Field is a construction that assigns a vector to every point in a space (or domain).
  • āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ (āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§Ÿ): āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāύ, āϝāĻž āχāύāĻĒ⧁āϟ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ \((x, y)\) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāωāϟāĻĒ⧁āϟ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāĨ¤
  • āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: It is a function \(F\) that maps each point \((x, y)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) to a vector \(F(x, y)\). [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

⚡ āĻāĻ• āύāϜāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ (āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ):Âļ

āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ Vector Space (āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ) Vector Field (āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ)
āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āύāϏ⧇āĻĒā§āϟ A Club/Rules (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ) A Map (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ)
āϕ⧀ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇? āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻž āϕ⧋āĻŖāĻžā§Ÿ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āϜ⧁āϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ āϜ⧁āϏ + āϜ⧁āϏ = āϜ⧁āϏ (āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ)āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāχāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āϜ⧁āϏ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ (āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ)āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻĢ āĻĒ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϰ āϏ⧇āϟāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻ—, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώ āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻĻā§€āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤

āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻāχ "āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ" āĻŦāĻž "āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ" āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĸ⧁āϕ⧇āϛ⧇?

All other DefinitionsÂļ

All other Definitions

āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϟāĻžāϰ ā§§ āĻ“ ⧍: āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĄā§‡āĻĢāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻļāύāϏ## ā§§. Unit Vector (āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ āϰ⧋āĻŦāϟāϕ⧇ āχāύāĻœā§‡āĻ•āĻļāύ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• ā§§ āĻĢ⧁āϟ āϏāĻžāχāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž (The Mini-Me)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

A vector having a magnitude of unity (one) is called a unit vector. If \(\vec{A}\) is a non-zero vector, then the unit vector \(\hat{u}\) in the direction of \(\vec{A}\) is defined as:
$\(\hat{u} = \frac{\vec{A}}{\vert{}\vec{A}\vert{}}\)$

⧍. Position Vector (āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āϜāĻŋāϰ⧋ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϰ āϞ⧋āϕ⧇āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏ⧋āϜāĻž āϗ⧁āĻ—āϞ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻŋāύ (📍)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

A vector that represents the position of a point in space relative to a fixed origin \(O(0,0,0)\) is called a position vector. For a point \(P(x, y, z)\), it is given by:
$\(\vec{r} = x\hat{i} + y\hat{j} + z\hat{k}\)$

ā§Š. Scalar Field (āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āϚāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž (āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāύ āφāϛ⧇, āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻžāχ ☕)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

If to each point \((x, y, z)\) of a region in space there corresponds a scalar number \(\phi(x, y, z)\), then \(\phi\) is called a scalar field.
Example: \(\phi(x, y, z) = 3x^2z - xy^3 + 5\).

ā§Ē. Vector Field (āϭ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻā§œā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻž āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧁āχ-āχ āφāϛ⧇ (đŸŒĒī¸)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

If to each point \((x, y, z)\) of a region in space there corresponds a vector \(\vec{F}(x, y, z)\), then \(\vec{F}\) is called a vector field.
Example: Wind velocity or gravitational force in space.

ā§Ģ. Dot Product / Scalar Product (āĻĄāϟ āϗ⧁āĻŖāύ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻāĻ•āχ āϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϧāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž (Helper Rule)āĨ¤ āϗ⧁āĻŖāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

The dot product of two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) is a scalar quantity defined as the product of the magnitudes of \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) and the cosine of the angle \(\theta\) between them.
$\(\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = \vert{}\vec{A}\vert{}\vert{}\vec{B}\vert{}\cos\theta\)$

ā§Ŧ. Cross Product / Vector Product (āĻ•ā§āϰāϏ āϗ⧁āĻŖāύ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻšā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻĒā§āϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāύ⧇-āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻšā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻĒā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ā§œā§‡ āϏ⧋āϜāĻž āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

The cross product of two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) is a vector quantity whose magnitude is the product of their magnitudes and the sine of the angle \(\theta\) between them, and whose direction is perpendicular to the plane containing \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\).
$\(\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = (\vert{}\vec{A}\vert{}\vert{}\vec{B}\vert{}\sin\theta)\hat{\eta}\)$
(Where \(\hat{\eta}\) is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\).)


āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϟāĻžāϰ ā§Ŧ: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϞ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ“āϰ⧇āĻŽāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš (Dimension Shifting)## ā§­. Gauss's Divergence Theorem (āĻ—āĻžāωāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĄāĻžāχāĻ­āĻžāϰāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ“āϰ⧇āĻŽ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻŦ⧇āϞ⧁āύ⧇āϰ ⧍D āϚāĻžāĻŽā§œāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž = āĻŦ⧇āϞ⧁āύ⧇āϰ ā§ŠD āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āϞāĻŋāωāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻž (🎈)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

Let \(V\) be the volume bounded by a closed surface \(S\) and \(\vec{F}\) be a continuously differentiable vector field. Then the divergence theorem states that the surface integral of \(\vec{F}\) over \(S\) is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of \(\vec{F}\) over \(V\):
$\(\iint_S \vec{F} \cdot \hat{n} \, dS = \iiint_V (\nabla \cdot \vec{F}) \, dV\)$

ā§Ž. Stoke's Theorem (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āϏ⧇āϰ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ“āϰ⧇āĻŽ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧇āϰ ā§§D āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§‡ā§œāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻž = āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧇āϰ ⧍D āĻŽā§‡āĻā§‡āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ˜ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāύ (Curl) āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻž (🏡)āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

Let \(S\) be an open surface bounded by a closed curve \(C\), and \(\vec{F}\) be a continuously differentiable vector field. Then Stoke's theorem states that the line integral of \(\vec{F}\) around \(C\) is equal to the surface integral of the curl of \(\vec{F}\) over \(S\):
$\(\oint_C \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r} = \iint_S (\nabla \times \vec{F}) \cdot \hat{n} \, dS\)$

⧝. Green's Theorem in the Plane (āϏāĻŽāϤāϞ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ“āϰ⧇āĻŽ)Âļ

  • 🧠 āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āϏ⧇āϰ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ“āϰ⧇āĻŽāϟāĻžāχ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĨā§āϰāĻŋ-āĻĄāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ ⧍D āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āϏāĻŽāϤāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • 📝 Bookish Definition:

If \(P(x,y)\) and \(Q(x,y)\) are continuous functions having continuous partial derivatives in a region \(R\) bounded by a closed curve \(C\) in the \(xy\)-plane, then Green's theorem states:
$\(\oint_C (P \, dx + Q \, dy) = \iint_R \left( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \right) dx \, dy\)$

Âļ

The given second-degree equation \(8x^2 + 4xy + 5y^2 - 24x - 24y = 0\) reduces to the standard form \(\frac{x'^2}{4} + \frac{y'^2}{9} = 1\), which represents an ellipse.Âļ

1. Identify Conic TypeÂļ

Compare the given equation with the general second-degree equation \(ax^2 + 2hxy + by^2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0\):

  • \(a = 8, \quad h = 2, \quad b = 5\)
  • \(g = -12, \quad f = -12, \quad c = 0\)

Calculate the discriminant \(h^2 - ab\):
$\(h^2 - ab = 2^2 - (8)(5) = 4 - 40 = -36\)$
Since \(h^2 - ab < 0\), the conic is an ellipse. [1]

2. Find the CenterÂļ

Differentiate the equation partially with respect to \(x\) and \(y\) to locate the center \((x_1, y_1)\):
$\(\frac{\partial F}{\partial x} = 16x + 4y - 24 = 0 \implies 4x + y = 6\)$
$\(\frac{\partial F}{\partial y} = 4x + 10y - 24 = 0 \implies 2x + 5y = 12\)$
Solving this linear system yields the center:

  • \(x_1 = 1\)
  • \(y_1 = 2\)

3. Shift the OriginÂļ

Shift the origin to the center \((1, 2)\) using \(x = X + 1\) and \(y = Y + 2\). The constant term transforms to \(c'\):
$\(c' = gx_1 + fy_1 + c = -12(1) - 12(2) + 0 = -36\)$
The intermediate equation without linear terms is:
$\(8X^2 + 4XY + 5Y^2 - 36 = 0 \implies 8X^2 + 4XY + 5Y^2 = 36\)$

4. Rotate the AxesÂļ

Eliminate the \(XY\) cross-product term by finding the eigenvalues (\(\lambda\)) of the characteristic matrix:
$\(\begin{vmatrix} a - \lambda & h \\ h & b - \lambda \end{vmatrix} = 0 \implies \begin{vmatrix} 8 - \lambda & 2 \\ 2 & 5 - \lambda \end{vmatrix} = 0\)$
$\(\lambda^2 - 13\lambda + 36 = 0 \implies (\lambda - 4)(\lambda - 9) = 0\)$
Thus, \(\lambda_1 = 4\) and \(\lambda_2 = 9\). The rotated equation becomes:
$\(\lambda_1 x'^2 + \lambda_2 y'^2 + c' = 0 \implies 4x'^2 + 9y'^2 = 36\)$
Divide through by \(36\) to obtain the final standard form:
$\(\frac{x'^2}{9} + \frac{y'^2}{4} = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad \frac{x'^2}{4} + \frac{y'^2}{9} = 1 \text{ (depending on axis ordering)}\)$

✅ Final AnswerÂļ

Reduce the general second-degree equation 8đ‘Ĩ^2 + 4đ‘Ĩđ‘Ļ + 5đ‘Ļ^2 − 24đ‘Ĩ − 24đ‘Ļ = 0 its standard form and identify the Conic.

The standard form of the conic equation is \(\frac{x'^2}{4} + \frac{y'^2}{9} = 1\), which represents an ellipse with its center located at \((1, 2)\). [2]
If you would like to explore this further, let me know if you want to find:

  • The eccentricity of this ellipse
  • The coordinates of its foci or vertices
  • The equations of its axes of symmetry

import numpy as np

Verify the matrix eigenvaluesA = np.array([[8, 2], [2, 5]])eigenvalues, eigenvectors = np.linalg.eigh(A)Âļ

print("Eigenvalues:", eigenvalues)

Verify center# 16x + 4y = 24# 4x + 10y = 24M = np.array([[16, 4], [4, 10]])B = np.array([24, 24])center = np.linalg.solve(M, B)Âļ

print("Center:", center)

Verify c'g, f, c = -12, -12, 0c_prime = g * center[0] + f * center[1] + cÂļ

print("c_prime:", c_prime)

Âļ

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