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For exam

Linear Dependence

Linearly Independent Definition:
A set of vectors is said to be linearly independent if none of the vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others.

āφāϰāĻ“ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇:

Alternative definition:
Vectors are linearly independent if no vector is a scalar multiple of another vector.
“āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋ āύāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ → Linear Independent”

Here is an “apartment” analogy:

  • Field (F): the measurement system and scaling rules (what scalars are allowed).
  • Scalar: the number you use to resize a brick (comes from the field).
  • Vector: a brick (a directed piece you can use).
  • Vector space (V): the whole apartment complex that obeys the rules over the field.
  • Vector addition: stacking bricks together.
  • Scalar multiplication: resizing or flipping a brick.
  • Linear combination: any build you make using resizing + stacking.
  • Span / Generator: the set of all builds you can make from a given brick set (all possible rooms you can produce from those bricks).
  • Linear dependence: at least one brick is redundant (can be built from the others).
  • Linear independence: no brick is redundant.
  • Basis: the smallest set of bricks that still builds the whole apartment (spans V and is independent).
  • Dimension: how many bricks are in a basis (how many independent “directions” the apartment needs).
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System of Linear eqn

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Equation checking

Exam-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāχ flowchart-āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• method āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇:

1. Variable Separation (āϚāϞāĻ• āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāϕ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ)Âļ

āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŦ⧇ \(x\) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ \(y\) āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āϗ⧁āĻŖ-āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇?

  • āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ \(f(x)dx = g(y)dy\) āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

2. Homogeneous or Proportional (āϧāϰāĻŖ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ)Âļ

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ separate āĻ•āϰāĻž āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϘāĻžāϤ (degree) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻšāĻ— (coefficient) āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

  • Homogeneous: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϘāĻžāϤ āĻ•āĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ? āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: \(x^2, y^2, xy\)—āϏāĻŦāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϘāĻžāϤ ⧍āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ \(y=vx\) āϧāϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Proportional Coefficients: āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āύ⧋āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ (image_4181bf.jpg) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{ax+by+c}{a'x+b'y+c'}\) āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ \(\frac{a}{a'} = \frac{b}{b'}\) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ \(x+y=v\) āϧāϰāĻŦ⧇.

3. Exactness Test (\(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\))Âļ

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋āϟāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ \(Mdx + Ndy = 0\) āϧāϰ⧇ differentiate āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇.

  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ \(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Exact Equation.
  • āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ \(\int M dx + \int (\text{terms of } N \text{ without } x) dy = C\) āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇.

4. Finding the Integrating Factor (IF)Âļ

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Exact āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ (\(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} \neq \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\)), āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ IF āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇. āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ rule āφāϛ⧇:

Rule āĻ•āĻ–ā§‹āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇? Formula
Rule A \(\frac{1}{N}(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial N}{\partial x})\) āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ \(x\) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ \(IF = e^{\int f(x)dx}\)
Rule B \(\frac{1}{M}(\frac{\partial N}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial M}{\partial y})\) āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ \(y\) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ \(IF = e^{\int g(y)dy}\)
Rule C āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻšāĻžāϰāĻž \(y f(xy)dx + x g(xy)dy = 0\) āϟāĻžāχāĻĒ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (image_ba83b5.png)āĨ¤ \(IF = \frac{1}{Mx - Ny}\)

Example for your last image (image_d55177.png):

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ \(x^a y^b (m y dx + n x dy) + \dots\) āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ \(IF = x^h y^k\) āϧāϰ⧇ solve āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāχ "Method āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ" āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϛ⧋āϟ āϕ⧁āχāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϏ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āύāĻĢāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤