For exam
Linear Dependence
Linearly Independent Definition:
A set of vectors is said to be linearly independent if none of the vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others.
āĻāϰāĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰā§:
Alternative definition:
Vectors are linearly independent if no vector is a scalar multiple of another vector.
âāĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻž āĻā§āϞ⧠â Linear Independentâ
Here is an âapartmentâ analogy:
- Field (F): the measurement system and scaling rules (what scalars are allowed).
- Scalar: the number you use to resize a brick (comes from the field).
- Vector: a brick (a directed piece you can use).
- Vector space (V): the whole apartment complex that obeys the rules over the field.
- Vector addition: stacking bricks together.
- Scalar multiplication: resizing or flipping a brick.
- Linear combination: any build you make using resizing + stacking.
- Span / Generator: the set of all builds you can make from a given brick set (all possible rooms you can produce from those bricks).
- Linear dependence: at least one brick is redundant (can be built from the others).
- Linear independence: no brick is redundant.
- Basis: the smallest set of bricks that still builds the whole apartment (spans V and is independent).
- Dimension: how many bricks are in a basis (how many independent âdirectionsâ the apartment needs).

Equation checking
Exam-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ flowchart-āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ method āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻŦā§:
1. Variable Separation (āĻāϞāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ)Âļ
āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŦā§ \(x\) āĻāĻŦāĻ \(y\) āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŖ-āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻā§?
- āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϰāĻŖāĻāĻŋāĻā§ \(f(x)dx = g(y)dy\) āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϞā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
2. Homogeneous or Proportional (āϧāϰāĻŖ āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ)Âļ
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ separate āĻāϰāĻž āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϤ (degree) āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻšāĻ (coefficient) āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
- Homogeneous: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϤ āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ? āϝā§āĻŽāύ: \(x^2, y^2, xy\)âāϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϤ ⧍āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠\(y=vx\) āϧāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Proportional Coefficients: āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āύā§āĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠(image_4181bf.jpg) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{ax+by+c}{a'x+b'y+c'}\) āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ \(\frac{a}{a'} = \frac{b}{b'}\) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ \(x+y=v\) āϧāϰāĻŦā§.
3. Exactness Test (\(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\))Âļ
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻž āύāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻŦā§ \(Mdx + Ndy = 0\) āϧāϰ⧠differentiate āĻāϰāĻŦā§.
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ \(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Exact Equation.
- āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ \(\int M dx + \int (\text{terms of } N \text{ without } x) dy = C\) āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻŦā§.
4. Finding the Integrating Factor (IF)Âļ
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Exact āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ (\(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} \neq \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}\)), āϤāĻŦā§ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ IF āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§. āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ ā§ŠāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ rule āĻāĻā§:
| Rule | āĻāĻā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦā§? | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| Rule A | \(\frac{1}{N}(\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial N}{\partial x})\) āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠\(x\) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ | \(IF = e^{\int f(x)dx}\) |
| Rule B | \(\frac{1}{M}(\frac{\partial N}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial M}{\partial y})\) āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠\(y\) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ | \(IF = e^{\int g(y)dy}\) |
| Rule C | āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϰāĻž \(y f(xy)dx + x g(xy)dy = 0\) āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (image_ba83b5.png)āĨ¤ | \(IF = \frac{1}{Mx - Ny}\) |
Example for your last image (image_d55177.png):
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϰāĻŖāĻāĻŋ \(x^a y^b (m y dx + n x dy) + \dots\) āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠\(IF = x^h y^k\) āϧāϰ⧠solve āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻ "Method āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ" āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϏ āϏā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦ? āĻāĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻĄā§āύā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤
